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The crystal structure of the E. coli RecA protein was solved more than 10 years ago, but it has provided limited insight into the mechanism of homologous genetic recombination. Using electron microscopy, we have reconstructed five different states of RecA-DNA filaments. The C-terminal lobe of the RecA protein is modulated by the state of the distantly bound nucleotide, and this allosteric coupling...
TorD is the cytoplasmic chaperone involved in the maturation of the molybdoenzyme TorA prior to the translocation of the folded protein into the periplasm. The X-ray structure at 2.4 A resolution of the TorD dimer reveals extreme domain swapping between the two subunits. The all-helical architecture of the globular domains within the intertwined molecular dimer shows no similarity with known protein...
The use of third generation synchrotron sources has led to renewed concern about the effect of ionizing radiation on crystalline biological samples. In general, the problem is seen as one to be avoided. However, in this paper, it is shown that, far from being a hindrance to successful structure determination, radiation damage provides an opportunity for phasing macromolecular structures. This is successfully...
Inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) is accomplished via substrate-induced activation of the latter enzymes; however, the structural basis for the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the three-dimensional solution structure of the C-terminal phosphatase domain of the prototypical MKP PAC-1, determined when bound to phosphate. Structural...
The solution structure of the catalytic domain of the dual-specificity phosphatase PAC-1 reveals new insight about the enzymes that deactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK).
Diffraction quality crystals are essential for crystallographic studies of protein structure, and the production of poorly diffracting crystals is often regarded as a dead end in the process. Here we show a dramatic improvement of poorly diffracting DsbG crystals allowing high-resolution diffraction data measurement. Before dehydration, the crystals are fragile and the diffraction pattern is streaky,...
Fasciclin I is an insect neural cell adhesion molecule consisting of four FAS1 domains, homologs of which are present in many bacterial, plant, and animal proteins. The crystal structure of FAS1 domains 3 and 4 of Drosophila fasciclin I reveals a novel domain fold, consisting of a seven-stranded β wedge and a number of α helices. The two domains are arranged in a linear fashion and interact through...
The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is involved in binding to the CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors. The structure of an HIV-1 MN V3 peptide bound to the Fv of the broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 447-52D was solved by NMR and found to be a β hairpin. This structure of V3 MN was found to have conformation and sequence similarities to β hairpins in...
Study of the LDL receptor as a model system has led to insights into general principles underlying receptor-mediated endocytosis of bound ligands. The recently published structure of the entire LDL receptor ectodomain, determined at pH 5.3, now suggests an elegant model to explain how lipoprotein ligands are released from the receptor by exposure to the low-pH environment of the endosome.
Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is a member of the serpin family that has many biological functions. In blood it acts as a procoagulant, and, in the seminal vesicles, it is required for spermatogenesis. The activity of PCI is affected by heparin binding in a manner unique among the heparin binding serpins, and, in addition, PCI binds hydrophobic hormones with apparent specificity for retinoids. Here we...
Malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase (MAT), the fabD gene product of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), participates in both fatty acid and polyketide synthesis pathways, transferring malonyl groups that are used as extender units in chain growth from malonyl-CoA to pathway-specific acyl carrier proteins (ACPs). Here, the 2.0 A structure reveals an invariant arginine bound to an acetate that mimics the malonyl...
The remarkable parallel homology identified between two alternative conformations of the V3 loop of HIV-1 and β hairpins in CCR5- and CXCR4-specific chemokines suggests a potential structural basis for the coreceptor selectivity of different HIV-1 variants.
The parallel β helix is a good model of the ''primordial'' structure underlying amyloid: incompatible sequences can spill out as loops between the helical turns, and the cross-section and internal hydration can vary according to the nature of the amyloid-forming sequence.
The nucleoplasmin-like protein from Drosophila (dNLP) functions as a chaperone for core histones and may remodel chromatin in embryos. We now report the crystal structure of a dNLP-core pentamer at 1.5 A resolution. The monomer has an eight-stranded, β barrel topology that is similar to nucleoplasmin (Np). However, a signature β hairpin is tucked in along the lateral surface of the dNLP-core pentamer,...
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